Wednesday, 29 August 2012

I have a hernia following my myomectomy

So I found out recently that I have a hernia. I was having some serious pain from around my pelvic pain towards my hip and lower back following my surgery. Initially, the pain was sharp and unbearable especially when I was not on pain meds. I went back to the surgeon and he felt it was a pinched nerve and so referred me.The doctor I went to who specialises in sports medicine, give me some pain meds and some stretches exercise including icing and told me within a week I would feel better. I did not. In fact, once I am off the meds, I could hardly stand. He referred me to a physiotherapist. While doing the ultrasound, ice etc, it felt good but I could not say I was getting better. I eventually went to see another doctor who sent for an x-ray, it was normal. I went on vacation after stocking up on some pain meds. After a while the pain improved, in that it moving from hurting to a irritating discomfort in my pelvic and back and it is like it needs deep tissue massage to get to the a certain spot to ease it. It becomes painful with exercise. I visited a doctor at home and in pressing my abdomen I screamed at an extreme pain in my left pelvic area. He said I had an inflamation and give me some meds. He is a naturopathic doctor so his medication is chinese herbs. Although I believe them, I know they tend to work slow and a lot to take (3 tablets 3 times per day, 4 tablets 2 times per day).


Well I returned to Jamaica and went for a check up with my surgeon. I needed to know about the inflamation, I had taken my last lupron shot and needed to know when to expect my period and just hear him says that I am progressing fine. He then let me know that given the fibroid had somewhat push my uterus downwards he had to do some pulling and I have a hernia, some fatty tissue that have pushed itself out. He says however that it will get better. I am therefore waiting on my period that he says to expect at the end of the month and once my body start working back as normal, the present discomfort should go away. I have therefore decide to share some information below on incisional hernia.

What Is an Incisional Hernia?

An incisional hernia happens when a weakness in the muscle of the abdomen allows the tissues of the abdomen to protrude through the muscle. The hernia appears as a bulge under the skin, and can be painful or tender to the touch. In the case of an incisional hernia, the weakness in the muscle is caused by the incision made in a prior abdominal surgery. An incisional hernia is typically small enough that only the peritoneum, or the lining of the abdominal cavity, pushes through. In severe cases, portions of organs may move through the hole in the muscle.

Who Is At Risk For an Incisional Hernia?

Incisional hernias are most likely to occur in obese and pregnant patients. A history of multiple abdominal surgeries may increase the risk of an incisional hernia. If a hernia develops in the abdomen and the patient has not had surgery, it is not an incisional hernia.
A patient who gains significant weight after an abdominal surgery, becomes pregnant or participates in activities that increase abdominal pressure like heavy lifting is most at risk for an incisional hernia. The incision is weakest, and most prone to a hernia, while it is still healing. While incisional hernias can develop or enlarge months or years after surgery, they are most likely to happen 3-6 months after surgery.

Diagnosing an Incisional Hernia

Incisional hernias happen after an abdominal surgery and may seem to appear and disappear, which is referred to as a "reducible" hernia. The hernia may not be noticeable unless the patient is involved in an activity that increases abdominal pressure, such as coughing, sneezing, pushing to have a bowel movement, or lifting a heavy object. The visibility of a hernia makes it easily diagnosable, often requiring no testing outside of a physical examination by a physician. The physician may request that you cough or bear down in order to see the hernia while it is "out".
Routine testing can be done to determine what area of the body is pushing through the muscle. If the hernia is large enough to allow more than the peritoneum to bulge through, testing may be required.

HERNIA TREATMENT
It is common to develop a hernia after abdominal or vaginal surgery. Hernias typically result from weakening of the abdominal wall following abdominal surgery. The resultant condition is called an “incisional hernia”, which can commonly occur after abdominal gynecologic surgery. Hernias in the vagina typically result from weakening of the levator complex muscles, which act as the supportive hammock of the pelvic organs. Once this hammock weakens, there is a tendency to develop hernias of the bladder (cystocele), vagina and or the uterus (utero-vaginal prolapse), rectum (rectocele), and finally the small bowel (enterocele). 

Abdominal hernias are repaired by implanting a sterile surgical mesh to strengthen the weakened abdominal wall. The surgical mesh is made of a strong, sterile, synthetic material which is compatible with the body. As a matter of fact, our bodies typically grow normal tissue into the mesh as time goes by, further strengthening the corrective surgery. 

Vaginal hernias should be approached similar to abdominal hernias. A sterile surgical mesh may be utilized to strengthen the weakened tissues to give a long lasting durable repair. There are many different types of “mesh kits” on the market. Rest assure that Dr. Mirhashemi will individualize your treatment and apply the correct technique to your particular case.

Monday, 13 August 2012

All you need to know about Infertility


REFERENCE FROM A.D.A.M.

Alternative Names

Barren; Inability to conceive; Unable to get pregnant

Causes »

Primary infertility is the term used to describe a couple that has never been able to conceive a pregnancy, after at least 1 year of unprotected intercourse.
Secondary infertility describes couples who have previously been pregnant at least once, but have not been able to achieve another pregnancy.
Causes of infertility include a wide range of physical as well as emotional factors. Approximately 30 - 40% of all infertility is due to a "male" factor such as retrograde ejaculationimpotence, hormone deficiency, environmental pollutants, scarring from sexually transmitted disease, or decreased sperm count. Some factors affecting sperm count are heavy marijuana use or use of prescription drugs such as cimetidine, spironolactone, and nitrofurantoin.
A "female" factor -- scarring from sexually transmitted disease or endometriosis, ovulation dysfunction, poor nutrition, hormone imbalance, ovarian cysts, pelvic infection, tumor, or transport system abnormality from the cervix through the fallopian tubes -- is responsible for 40 - 50% of infertility in couples.
The remaining 10 -30% of infertility cases may be caused by contributing factors from both partners, or no cause can be identified.
It is estimated that 10 - 20% of couples will be unable to conceive after 1 year of trying to become pregnant. It is important that pregnancy be attempted for at least 1 year. The chances for pregnancy occurring in healthy couples who are both under the age of 30 and having intercourse regularly is only 25 - 30% per month. A woman's peak fertility occurs in her early 20s. As a woman ages beyond 35 (and particularly after age 40), the likelihood of getting pregnant drops to less than 10% per month.
In addition to age-related factors, increased risk for infertility is associated with the following:
  • Multiple sexual partners (increases risk for sexually transmitted diseases)
  • Sexually transmitted diseases
  • History of PID (pelvic inflammatory disease)
  • History of orchitis or epididymitis in men
  • Mumps (men)
  • Varicocele (men)
  • A past medical history that includes DES exposure (men or women)
  • Eating disorders (women)
  • Anovulatory menstrual cycles
  • Endometriosis
  • Defects of the uterus (myomas) or cervical obstruction
  • Long-term (chronic) disease such as diabetes

Symptoms

  • Inability to become pregnant.
  • A range of emotional reactions by either or both members of the couple. In general, such reactions are greater among childless couples. Having at least one child tends to soften these painful emotions.

Signs and Tests »

A complete history and physical examination of both partners is essential.
Tests may include:
  • Semen analysis -- the specimen is collected after 2 to 3 days of complete abstinence to determine volume and viscosity of semen and sperm count, motility, swimming speed, and shape.
  • Measuring basal body temperature -- taking the woman''s temperature each morning before arising in an effort to note the 0.4 to 1.0 degree Fahrenheit temperature increase associated with ovulation.
  • Monitoring cervical mucus changes throughout the menstrual cycle to note the wet, stretchy, and slippery mucus associated with the ovulatory phase.
  • Postcoital testing (PCT) to evaluate sperm-cervical mucus interaction through analysis of cervical mucus collected 2 to 8 hours after the couple has intercourse.
  • Measuring serum progesterone (a blood test).
  • Biopsying the woman''s uterine lining (endometrium).
  • Biopsying the man''s testicles (rarely done).
  • Measuring the amount of luteinizing hormone in urine with home-use kits to predict ovulation and assist with timing of intercourse.
  • Progestin challenge when the woman has sporadic or absent ovulation.
  • Serum hormonal levels (blood tests) for either or both partners.
  • Hysterosalpingography (HSG) -- an x-ray procedure done with contrast dye that looks at the route of sperm from the cervix through the uterus and fallopian tubes.
  • Laparoscopy to allow direct visualization of the pelvic cavity.
  • Pelvic exam for the woman to determine if there are cysts.

Treatment »

Treatment depends on the cause of infertility. It may involve:
  • Simple education and counseling
  • Medicines to treat infections or promote ovulation
  • Highly sophisticated medical procedures such as in vitro fertilization
It is important for the couple to recognize and discuss the emotional impact that infertility has on them as individuals and together and to seek medical advice from their health care provider.

Expectations (prognosis)

A cause can be determined for about 85- 90% of infertile couples.
Appropriate therapy (not including advanced techniques such as in vitro fertilization) allows pregnancy to occur in 50 - 60% of previously infertile couples.
Without any treatment intervention, 15 - 20% of couples previously diagnosed as infertile will eventually become pregnant.

Prevention

Because infertility is frequently caused by sexually transmitted diseases, practicing safer sex behaviors may minimize the risk of future infertility. Gonorrhea and chlamydia are the two most frequent causes of STD-related infertility.
STDs are often asymptomatic at first, until PID or salpingitis develops. These inflammatory processes cause scarring of the fallopian tubes and decreased fertility, absolute infertility, or an increased incidence of ectopic pregnancy.
Mumps immunization has been well demonstrated to prevent mumps and its male complication, orchitis. Immunization prevents mumps-related sterility.
Some forms of birth control, such as the intrauterine device (IUD), carry a higher risk for future infertility. However, IUDs are not recommended for women who have not previously had a child.
Women selecting the IUD must be willing to accept the very slight risk of infertility associated with its use. Careful consideration of this risk, weighed with the potential benefits, should be reviewed and discussed with both partners and the health care provider.
Early diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis may decrease the risk of infertility.

Saturday, 11 August 2012

Medical Help for Fibroids


Advanced Laparoscopic Surgery vs. Uterine Artery Embolization and Open Hysterectomy

 Advanced Laparoscopic SurgeryUterine Artery EmbolizationOpen Hysterectomy
Discharge Home24 hours or less, 90% discharged home day of surgeryOvernight admisstion for all patients due to pain2 to 4 days
Recovery Time5 to 7 days, up to 2 weeksDays to weeks, depending on pain level6 to 8 weeks
Incision Size2 – ¼ inch for most patients up to 3 – ¼ inch and 1 – 1 to 2 inch for very large fibroids2 – ¼ inch for catheter6 to 12 inches
Pain ToleranceExcellent to good, first 1 to 2 days mild to moderate only. Morphine pump not needed – pain controlled with motrin and percocet only.Can range from excellent to poor with long term pain due to necrosis (death) of fibroids. All patients admitted after procedure for pain control with morphine pumpPoor due to large incision
Regrowth of FibroidsNoneRecurrence rates of 20 – 40+%, depending on size of uterus and fibroidsNone
Symptomatic Relief Long TermExcellent – fibroids cannot recur – uterus is removedFibroids can regrow leading to recurrence of bleeding, pain, pressureExcellent – fibroids cannot recur – uterus is removed
Fibroid SizeUnlimitedLimited – single fibroids greater than 7 cm, pedunculated fibroids (on stalks), submucosal fibroids (in cavity), or larger uteri with less effective resultsUnlimited
Blood ControlVery Good to ExcellentExcellentGood
Procedure Time30 minutes to 1.5 hours1 hour in radiology suite1 to 2 hours

What is myomectomy?

Myomectomy refers to removing only the fibroids and leaving the uterus and ovaries intact. This procedure is indicated for those patients who wish to preserve fertility, or for those that simply want to preserve the uterus. Laparoscopic Assisted Abdominal Myomectomy (LAAM), developed by the Women’s Surgery Center, is the procedure of choice. LAAM can be used for fibroid removal for any size uterus. This procedure is minimally invasive, and is the best option for those patients who want to preserve the uterus so they may become pregnant. Abdominal myomectomy – a procedure requiring a large incision – has no advantages over LAAM. Abdominal myomectomy usually results in increased blood loss, pain, prolonged hospital stay, and long recovery of 6 to 8 weeks. Note that uterine artery embolization should not be used for treatment of fibroids if pregnancy is desired. Recent studies have indicated that embolization procedures can cause infertility due to decreased blood flow to the uterus, thereby affecting implantation of the embryo into the uterine lining. LAAM allows patients to be discharged home from the hospital the day after surgery, and uses very small incisions. The procedure is extremely safe, with minimal blood loss and fast recovery of less than 2 weeks. LAAM has almost eliminated the need to perform necessary hysterectomy at the time of myomectomy (due to excessive bleeding) when using techniques developed at the Women’s Surgery Center. It is important to understand that myomectomy is not indicated in all patients. Those patients who do not want to become pregnant and have a massively enlarged fibroid uterus should consider hysterectomy as the best option. Myomectomy will not prevent recurrence of fibroids, but will remove those fibroids present in the uterus at the time of surgery.

Comparison Chart of Myomectomy Treatment Options

 LAAM-BUALLaparoscopic MyomectomyOpen Myomectomy
Discharge Home24 hours or less24 hours or less2 to 4 days
Recovery Time2 weeks or less2 weeks or less6 to 8 weeks
Incision Size3 - ¼ inch 1 – 1.5 to 2 inch3 – ¼ inch 1 - 1 inch1 – 6 to 8 inch
Pain ToleranceVery GoodExcellentPoor
Fibroid SizeUnlimited – fibroids of all size, all locations, all depthsVery limited – small to moderate only, external fibroidsUnlimited – all sizes, depths, locations
Blood ControlExcellentFairFair to Good
Muscle ClosureExcellentFair to PoorExcellent
Procedure Time60 - 90 minutes1 to 3 hours or more2 hours of less
Source: http://www.womenssurgerycenter.com/treatment/fibroids/

Friday, 10 August 2012

What you need to know about ovarian cysts


What are ovarian cysts?

A cyst is a fluid-filled sac. They can form anywhere in the body. Ovarian cysts (sists) form in or on the ovaries. The most common type of ovarian cyst is a functional cyst.
Functional cysts often form during the menstrual cycle. The two types are:
  • Follicle cysts. These cysts form when the sac doesn't break open to release the egg. Then the sac keeps growing. This type of cyst most often goes away in 1 to 3 months.
  • Corpus luteum cysts. These cysts form if the sac doesn't dissolve. Instead, the sac seals off after the egg is released. Then fluid builds up inside. Most of these cysts go away after a few weeks. They can grow to almost 4 inches. They may bleed or twist the ovary and cause pain. They are rarely cancerous. Some drugs used to cause ovulation, such as Clomid® or Serophene®, can raise the risk of getting these cysts.
Other types of ovarian cysts are:
  • Endometriomas (EN-doh-MEE-tree-OH-muhs). These cysts form in women who have endometriosis (EN-doh-MEE-tree-OH-suhss). This problem occurs when tissue that looks and acts like the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus. The tissue may attach to the ovary and form a growth. These cysts can be painful during sex and during your period.
  • Cystadenomas (siss-tahd-uh-NOH-muhs). These cysts form from cells on the outer surface of the ovary. They are often filled with a watery fluid or thick, sticky gel. They can become large and cause pain.
  • Dermoid (DUR-moid) cysts. These cysts contain many types of cells. They may be filled with hair, teeth, and other tissues that become part of the cyst. They can become large and cause pain.
  • Polycystic (pol-ee-SISS-tik) ovaries. These cysts are caused when eggs mature within the sacs but are not released. The cycle then repeats. The sacs continue to grow and many cysts form. For more information about polycystic ovaries, see our polycystic ovary syndrome fact sheet.

What are the symptoms of ovarian cysts?

Many ovarian cysts don't cause symptoms. Others can cause:
  • Pressure, swelling, or pain in the abdomen
  • Pelvic pain
  • Dull ache in the lower back and thighs
  • Problems passing urine completely
  • Pain during sex
  • Weight gain
  • Pain during your period
  • Abnormal bleeding
  • Nausea or vomiting
  • Breast tenderness
If you have these symptoms, get help right away:
  • Pain with fever and vomiting
  • Sudden, severe abdominal pain
  • Faintness, dizziness, or weakness
  • Rapid breathing

How are ovarian cysts found?

Doctors most often find ovarian cysts during routine pelvic exams. The doctor may feel the swelling of a cyst on the ovary. Once a cyst is found, tests are done to help plan treatment. Tests include:
  • An ultrasound. This test uses sound waves to create images of the body. With an ultrasound, the doctor can see the cyst's:
    • Shape
    • Size
    • Location
    • Mass — if it is fluid-filled, solid, or mixed
  • A pregnancy test. This test may be given to rule out pregnancy.
  • Hormone level tests. Hormone levels may be checked to see if there are hormone-related problems.
  • A blood test. This test is done to find out if the cyst may be cancerous. The test measures a substance in the blood called cancer-antigen 125 (CA-125). The amount of CA-125 is higher with ovarian cancer. But some ovarian cancers don't make enough CA-125 to be detected by the test. Some noncancerous diseases also raise CA-125 levels. Those diseases include uterine fibroids (YOO-tur-ihn FEYE-broidz) and endometriosis. Noncancerous causes of higher CA-125 are more common in women younger than 35. Ovarian cancer is very rare in this age group. The CA-125 test is most often given to women who:
    • Are older than 35
    • Are at high risk for ovarian cancer
    • Have a cyst that is partly solid

How are cysts treated?

Watchful waiting. If you have a cyst, you may be told to wait and have a second exam in 1 to 3 months. Your doctor will check to see if the cyst has changed in size. This is a common treatment option for women who:
  • Are in their childbearing years
  • Have no symptoms
  • Have a fluid-filled cyst
It may be an option for postmenopausal women.
Surgery. Your doctor may want to remove the cyst if you are postmenopausal, or if it:
  • Doesn't go away after several menstrual cycles
  • Gets larger
  • Looks odd on the ultrasound
  • Causes pain
The two main surgeries are:
  • Laparoscopy (lap-uh-ROSS-kuh-pee) – Done if the cyst is small and looks benign (noncancerous) on the ultrasound. While you are under general anesthesia, a very small cut is made above or below your navel. A small instrument that acts like a telescope is put into your abdomen. Then your doctor can remove the cyst.
  • Laparotomy (lap-uh-ROT-uh-mee) – Done if the cyst is large and may be cancerous. While you are under general anesthesia, larger incisions are made in the stomach to remove the cyst. The cyst is then tested for cancer. If it is cancerous, the doctor may need to take out the ovary and other tissues, like the uterus. If only one ovary is taken out, your body is still fertile and can still produce estrogen.
Birth control pills. If you keep forming functional cysts, your doctor may prescribe birth control pills to stop you from ovulating. If you don’t ovulate, you are less likely to form new cysts. You can also use Depo-Provera®. It is a hormone that is injected into muscle. It prevents ovulation for 3 months at a time.
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Can ovarian cysts be prevented?

No, ovarian cysts cannot be prevented. The good news is that most cysts:
  • Don't cause symptoms
  • Are not cancerous
  • Go away on their own
Talk to your doctor or nurse if you notice:
  • Changes in your period
  • Pain in the pelvic area
  • Any of the major symptoms of cysts
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When are women most likely to have ovarian cysts?

Most functional ovarian cysts occur during childbearing years. And most of those cysts are not cancerous. Women who are past menopause (ages 50­–70) with ovarian cysts have a higher risk of ovarian cancer. At any age, if you think you have a cyst, see your doctor for a pelvic exam.